A degree of nonparticipation whereby any strategy, mechanism or facility for stakeholder engagement or participation is absent.[1]
[1] Sherry Arnstein, "A Ladder of Citizen Participation,” Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 35, No. 4 (July 1969), pp. 216–24, at: http://www.participatorymethods.org/sites/participatorymethods.org/files/Arnstein ladder 1969.pdf.
